Various applications of Zr-based materials, including doping in cathodes and anodes, serving as coatings over electrodes, forming Zr-based solid-state electrolytes, and contributing to Zr-based separators, are explored across diverse energy storage systems such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), lithium–sulphur batteries (LSBs), lithium–air batteries, lithium–metal batteries, and superconductors.
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